THE WORLD IN PERSPECTIVE WEBSITE

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35461/35461-h/35461-h.htm

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER		Page
I.	THE WORLD IN SPACE	1
II.	THE WORLD IN TIME	5
III.	THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE	11
IV.	THE AGE OF FISHES	16
V.	THE AGE OF THE COAL SWAMPS	21
VI.	THE AGE OF REPTILES	26
VII.	THE FIRST BIRDS AND THE FIRST MAMMALS	31
VIII.	THE AGE OF MAMMALS	37
IX.	MONKEYS, APES AND SUB-MEN	43
X.	THE NEANDERTHALER AND THE RHODESIAN MAN	48
XI.	THE FIRST TRUE MEN	53
XII.	PRIMITIVE THOUGHT	60
XIII.	THE BEGINNINGS OF CULTIVATION	65
XIV.	PRIMITIVE NEOLITHIC CIVILIZATIONS	71
XV.	SUMERIA, EARLY EGYPT AND WRITING	77
XVI.	PRIMITIVE NOMADIC PEOPLES	84
XVII.	THE FIRST SEA-GOING PEOPLES	91
XVIII.	EGYPT, BABYLON AND ASSYRIA	96
XIX.	THE PRIMITIVE ARYANS	104
XX.	THE LAST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE AND THE EMPIRE OF DARIUS I	109
XXI.	THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE JEWS	115
XXII.	PRIESTS AND PROPHETS IN JUDEA	122
XXIII.	THE GREEKS	127
XXIV.	THE WARS OF THE GREEKS AND PERSIANS	134
XXV.	THE SPLENDOUR OF GREECE	139
XXVI.	THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT	145
XXVII.	THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY AT ALEXANDRIA	150
XXVIII.	THE LIFE OF GAUTAMA BUDDHA	156
XXIX.	KING ASOKA	163
XXX.	CONFUCIUS AND LAO TSE	167
XXXI.	ROME COMES INTO HISTORY	174
XXXII.	ROME AND CARTHAGE	180
XXXIII.	THE GROWTH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE	185
XXXIV.	BETWEEN ROME AND CHINA	196
XXXV.	THE COMMON MAN’S LIFE UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE	201
XXXVI.	RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE	208
XXXVII.	THE TEACHING OF JESUS	214
XXXVIII.	THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINAL CHRISTIANITY	222
XXXIX.	THE BARBARIANS BREAK THE EMPIRE INTO EAST AND WEST	227
XL.	THE HUNS AND THE END OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE	233
XLI.	THE BYZANTINE AND SASSANID EMPIRES	238
XLII.	THE DYNASTIES OF SUY AND TANG IN CHINA	245
XLIII.	MUHAMMAD AND ISLAM	248
XLIV.	THE GREAT DAYS OF THE ARABS	253
XLV.	THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATIN CHRISTENDOM	258
XLVI.	THE CRUSADES AND THE AGE OF PAPAL DOMINION	267
XLVII.	RECALCITRANT PRINCES AND THE GREAT SCHISM	277
XLVIII.	THE MONGOL CONQUESTS	287
XLIX.	THE INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS	294
L.	THE REFORMATION OF THE LATIN CHURCH	304
LI.	THE EMPEROR CHARLES V	309
LII.	THE AGE OF POLITICAL EXPERIMENTS; OF GRAND MONARCHY AND PARLIAMENTS AND REPUBLICANISM IN EUROPE	318
LIII.	THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEANS IN ASIA AND OVERSEAS	329
LIV.	THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE	335
LV.	THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE RESTORATION OF MONARCHY IN FRANCE	341
LVI.	THE UNEASY PEACE IN EUROPE THAT FOLLOWED THE FALL OF NAPOLEON	349
LVII.	THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE	355
LVIII.	THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION	365
LIX.	THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IDEAS	370
LX.	THE EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES	382
LXI.	THE RISE OF GERMANY TO PREDOMINANCE IN EUROPE	390
LXII.	THE NEW OVERSEAS EMPIRES OF THE STEAMSHIP AND RAILWAY	393
LXIII.	EUROPEAN AGGRESSION IN ASIA, AND THE RISE OF JAPAN	399
LXIV.	THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1914	405
LXV.	THE AGE OF ARMAMENT IN EUROPE, AND THE GREAT WAR OF 1914-18	409
LXVI.	THE REVOLUTION AND FAMINE IN RUSSIA	415
LXVII.	THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WORLD	421
	CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE	429
	INDEX	439

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

	Page
Luminous Spiral Clouds of Matter	2
Nebula seen Edge-on	3
The Great Spiral Nebula	6
A Dark Nebula	7
Another Spiral Nebula	8
Landscape before Life	9
Marine Life in the Cambrian Period	12
Fossil Trilobite	13
Early Palæozoic Fossils of various Species of Lingula	14
Fossilized Footprints of a Labyrinthodont, Cheirotherium	15
Pterichthys Milleri	17
Fossil of Cladoselache	18
Sharks and Ganoids of the Devonian Period	19
A Carboniferous Swamp	22
Skull of a Labyrinthodont, Capitosaurus	23
Skeleton of a Labyrinthodont: The Eryops	24
A Fossil Ichthyosaurus	27
A Pterodactyl	28
The Diplodocus	29
Fossil of Archeopteryx	32
Hesperornis in its Native Seas	33
The Ki-wi	34
Slab of Marl Rich in Cainozoic Fossils	35
Titanotherium Robustum	38
Skeleton of Giraffe-camel	40
Skeleton of Early Horse	40
Comparative Sizes of Brains of Rhinoceros and Dinoceras	41
A Mammoth	44
Flint Implements from Piltdown Region	45
A Pithecanthropean Man	46
The Heidelberg Man	46
The Piltdown Skull	47
A Neanderthaler	49
Europe and Western Asia 50,000 years ago	Map 50
Comparison of Modern Skull and Rhodesian Skull	51
Altamira Cave Paintings	54
Later Palæolithic Carvings	55
Bust of Cro-magnon Man	57
Later Palæolithic Art	58
Relics of the Stone Age	62
Gray’s Inn Lane Flint Implement	63
Somaliland Flint Implement	63
Neolithic Flint Implement	67
Australian Spearheads	68
Neolithic Pottery	69
Relationship of Human Races	Map 72
A Maya Stele	73
European Neolithic Warrior	75
Babylonian Brick	78
Egyptian Cylinder Seals of First Dynasty	79
The Sakhara Pyramids	80
The Pyramid of Cheops: Scene from Summit	81
The Temple of Hathor	82
Pottery and Implements of the Lake Dwellers	85
A Lake Village	86
Flint Knives of 4500 B.C.	87
Egyptian Wall Paintings of Nomads	87
Egyptian Peasants Going to Work	88
Stele of Naram Sin	89
The Treasure House at Mycenæ	93
The Palace at Cnossos	95
Temple at Abu Simbel	97
Avenue of Sphinxes at Karnak	98
The Hypostyle Hall at Karnak	99
Frieze of Slaves	101
The Temple of Horus, Edfu	103
Archaic Amphora	105
The Mound of Nippur	107
Median and Chaldean Empires	Map 110
The Empire of Darius	Map 111
A Persian Monarch	112
The Ruins of Persepolis	113
The Great Porch of Xerxes	113
The Land of the Hebrews	Map 117
Nebuchadnezzar’s Mound at Babylon	118
The Ishtar Gateway, Babylon	120
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II	124
Captive Princes making Obeisance	125
Statue of Meleager	128
Ruins of Temple of Zeus	130
The Temple of Neptune, Pæstum	132
Greek Ships on Ancient Pottery	135
The Temple of Corinth	137
The Temple of Neptune at Cape Sunium	138
Frieze of the Parthenon, Athens	140
The Acropolis, Athens	141
Theatre at Epidauros, Greece	141
The Caryatides of the Erechtheum	142
Athene of the Parthenon	143
Alexander the Great	146
Alexander’s Victory at Issus	147
The Apollo Belvedere	148
Aristotle	152
Statuette of Maitreya	153
The Death of Buddha	154
Tibetan Buddha	158
A Burmese Buddha	159
The Dhamêkh Tower, Sarnath	160
A Chinese Buddhist Apostle	164
The Court of Asoka	165
Asoka Panel from Bharhut	165
The Pillar of Lions (Asokan)	166
Confucius	169
The Great Wall of China	171
Early Chinese Bronze Bell	172
The Dying Gaul	175
Ancient Roman Cisterns at Carthage	177
Hannibal	181
Roman Empire and its Alliances, 150 B.C.	Map 183
The Forum, Rome	188
Ruined Coliseum in Tunis	189
Roman Arch at Ctesiphon	190
The Column of Trajan, Rome	193
Glazed Jar of Han Dynasty	197
Vase of Han Dynasty	198
Chinese Vessel in Bronze	199
A Gladiator (contemporary representation)	202
A Street in Pompeii	204
The Coliseum, Rome	206
Interior of Coliseum	206
Mithras Sacrificing a Bull	210
Isis and Horus	211
Bust of Emperor Commodus	212
Early Portrait of Jesus Christ	216
Road from Nazareth to Tiberias	217
David’s Tower and Wall of Jerusalem	218
A Street in Jerusalem	219
The Peter and Paul Mosaic at Rome	223
Baptism of Christ (Ivory Panel)	225
Roman Empire and the Barbarians	Map 228
Constantine’s Pillar, Constantinople	229
The Obelisk of Theodosius, Constantinople	231
Head of Barbarian Chief	235
The Church of S. Sophia, Constantinople	239
Roof-work in S. Sophia	240
Justinian and his Court	241
The Rock-hewn Temple at Petra	242
Chinese Earthenware of Tang Dynasty	246
At Prayer in the Desert	250
Looking Across the Sea of Sand	251
Growth of Moslem Power	Map 254
The Moslem Empire	Map 254
The Mosque of Omar, Jerusalem	255
Cairo Mosques	256
Frankish Dominions of Martel	Map 260
Statue of Charlemagne	262
Europe at Death of Charlemagne	Map 264
Crusader Tombs, Exeter Cathedral	268
View of Cairo	269
The Horses of S. Mark, Venice	271
Courtyard in the Alhambra	273
Milan Cathedral (showing spires)	278
A Typical Crusader	280
Burgundian Nobility (Statuettes)	283
Burgundian Nobility (Statuettes)	284
The Empire of Jengis Khan	Map 288
Ottoman Empire before 1453	Map 289
Tartar Horsemen	291
Ottoman Empire, 1566	Map 292
An Early Printing Press	296
Ancient Bronze from Benin	299
Negro Bronze-work	300
Early Sailing Ship (Italian Engraving)	301
Portrait of Martin Luther	305
The Church Triumphant (Italian Majolica work, 1543)	307
Charles V (the Titian Portrait)	311
S. Peter’s, Rome: the High Altar	315
Cromwell Dissolves the Long Parliament	321
The Court at Versailles	323
Sack of a Village, French Revolution	325
Central Europe after Peace of Westphalia, 1648	Map 326
European Territory in America, 1750	Map 330
Europeans Tiger Hunting in India	331
Fall of Tippoo Sultan	332
George Washington	337
The Battle of Bunker Hill	338
The U.S.A., 1790	339
The Trial of Louis XVI	344
Execution of Marie Antoinette	346
Portrait of Napoleon	352
Europe after the Congress of Vienna	Map 353
Early Rolling Stock, Liverpool and Manchester Railway	356
Passenger Train in 1833	356
The Steamboat Clermont	357
Eighteenth Century Spinning Wheel	361
Arkwright’s Spinning Jenny	361
An Early Weaving Machine	363
An Incident of the Slave Trade	367
Early Factory, in Colebrookdale	368
Carl Marx	372
Electric Conveyor, in Coal Mine	376
Constructional Detail, Forth Bridge	378
American River Steamer	385
Abraham Lincoln	387
Europe, 1848-71	Map 391
Victoria Falls, Zambesi	395
The British Empire, 1815	Map 397
Japanese Soldier, Eighteenth Century	401
A Street in Tokio	403
Overseas Empires of Europe, 1914	Map 406
Gibraltar	407
Street in Hong Kong	408
British Tank in Battle	410
The Ruins of Ypres	411
Modern War: War Entanglements	412
A View in Petersburg under Bolshevik Rule	418
Passenger Aeroplane in Flight	423
A Peaceful Garden in England	426