Wednesday, September 28, 2016

ARYANS GREEKS

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Ark of the Covenant - Bible History Online
Bible History Online

The Amorites - Encyclopedia

AMORITES
am'-o-rits; Amorites ('emori, always in the singular like the Babylonian Amurru from which it is taken; Amorraioi):

1. Varying Use of the Name Explained

2. The Amorite Kingdom

3. Sihon's Conquest

4. Disappearance of the Amorite Kingdom

5. Physical Characteristics of the Amorites

The name Amorite is used in the Old Testament to denote

(1) the inhabitants of Palestine generally,

(2) the population of the hills as opposed to the plain, and

(3) a specific people under a king of their own. Thus

(1) we hear of them on the west shore of the Dead Sea (Ge 14:7), at Hebron (Ge 14:13), and Shechem (Ge 48:22), in Gilead and Bashan (De 3:10) and under Hermon (De 3:8; 4:48). They are named instead of the Canaanites as the inhabitants of Palestine whom the Israelites were required to exterminate (Ge 15:16; De 20:17; Jud 6:10; 1Sa 7:14; 1Ki 21:26; 2Ki 21:11); the older population of Judah is called Amorite in Jos 10:5,6, in conformity with which Eze (16:3) states that Jerusalem had an Amorite father; and the Gibeonites are said to have been "of the remnant of the Amorites" (2Sa 21:2). On the other hand

(2), in Nu 13:29 the Amorites are described as dwelling in the mountains like the Hittites and Jebusites of Jerusalem, while the Amalekites or Bedouins lived in the south and the Canaanites on the seacoast and in the valley of the Jordan. Lastly (3) we hear of Sihon, "king of the Amorites," who had conquered the northern half of Moab (Nu 21:21-31; De 2:26-35).

1. Varying Use of the Name Explained:

Assyriological discovery has explained the varying use of the name. The Hebrew form of it is a transliteration of the Babylonian Amurru, which was both sing. and plural. In the age of Abraham the Amurru were the dominant people in western Asia; hence Syria and Palestine were called by the Babylonians "the land of the Amorites." In the Assyrian period this was replaced by "land of the Hittites," the Hittites in the Mosaic age having made themselves masters of Syria and Canaan. The use of the name "Amorite" in its general sense belongs to the Babylonian period of oriental history.

2. The Amorite Kingdom:

The Amorite kingdom was of great antiquity. About 2500 BC it embraced the larger part of Mesopotamia and Syria, with its capital probably at Harran, and a few centuries later northern Babylonia was occupied by an "Amorite" dynasty of kings who traced theft descent from Samu or Sumu (the Biblical Shem), and made Babylon their capital. To this dynasty belonged Khammu-rabi, the Amraphel of Ge 14:1. In the astrological documents of the period frequent reference is made to "the king of the Amorites." This king of the Amorites was subject to Babylonia in the age of the dynasty of Ur, two or three centuries before the birth of Abraham He claimed suzerainty over a number of "Amorite" kinglets, among whom those of Khana on the Euphrates, near the mouth of the Khabur, may be named, since in the Abrahamic age one of them was called Khammu-rapikh and another Isarlim or Israel. A payment of a cadastral survey made at this time by a Babylonian governor with the Canaanite name of Urimelech is now in the Louvre. Numerous Amorites were settled in Ur and other Babylonian cities, chiefly for the purpose of trade. They seem to have enjoyed the same rights and privileges as the native Babylonians. Some of them were commercial travelers, but we hear also of the heads of the great firms making journeys to the Mediterranean coast.

In an inscription found near Diarbekir and dedicated to Khammu-rabi by Ibirum (= Eber), the governor of the district, the only title given to the Babylonian monarch is "king of the Amorites," where instead of Amurru the Sumerian Martu (Hebrew moreh) is used. The great-grandson of Khammu-rabi still calls himself "king of the widespread land of the Amorites," but two generations later Babylonia was invaded by the Hittites, the Amorite dynasty came to an end, and there was once more a "king of the Amorites" who was not also king of Babylonia.

The Amorite kingdom continued to exist down to the time of the Israelite invasion of Palestine, and mention is made of it in the Egyptian records as well as in the cuneiform Tell el-Amarna Letters, and the Hittite archives recently discovered at Boghaz-keui, the site of the Hittite capital in Cappadocia. The Egyptian conquest of Canaan by the kings of the XVIIIth Dynasty had put an end to the effective government of that country by the Amorite princes, but their rule still extended eastward to the borders of Babylonia, while its southern limits coincided approximately with what was afterward the northern frontier of Naphtali. The Amorite kings, however, became, at all events in name, the vassals of the Egyptian Pharaoh. When the Egyptian empire began to break up, under the "heretic king" Amenhotep IV, at the end of the XVIIIth Dynasty (1400 BC), the Amorite princes naturally turned to their more powerful neighbors in the north. One of the letters in the Tell el-Amarna correspondence is from the Pharaoh to his Amorite vassal Aziru the son of Ebed-Asherah, accusing him of rebellion and threatening him with punishment.

Eventually Aziru found it advisable to go over openly to the Hittites, and pay the Hittite government an annual tribute of 300 shekels of gold. From that time forward the Amorite kingdom was a dependency of the Hittite empire, which, on the strength of this, claimed dominion over Palestine as far as the Egyptian frontier. The second successor of Aziru was Abi-Amurru (or Abi-Hadad), whose successor bore, in addition to a Semitic name, the Mitannian name of Bentesinas. Bente-sinas was dethroned by the Hittite King Muttallis and imprisoned in Cappadocia, where he seems to have met the Hittite prince Khattu-sil, who on the death of his brother Muttallis seized the crown and restored Bente-sinas to his kingdom. Bente-sinas married the daughter of Khattu-sil, while his own daughter was wedded to the son of his Hittite suzerain, and an agreement was made that the succession to the Amorite throne should be confined to her descendants. Two or three generations later the Hittite empire was destroyed by an invasion of "northern barbarians," the Phrygians, probably, of Greek history, who marched southward, through Palestine, against Egypt, carrying with them "the king of the Amorites." The invaders, however, were defeated and practically exterminated by Ramses III of the XXth Egyptian Dynasty (1200 BC). The Amorite king, captured on this occasion by the Egyptians, was probably the immediate predecessor of the Sihon of the Old Testament.

3. Sihon's Conquest:

Egyptian influence in Canaan had finally ceased with the invasion of Egypt by the Libyans and peoples of the Aegean in the fifth year of Meneptah, the successor of Ramses II, at the time of the Israelite Exodus. Though the invaders were repulsed, the Egyptian garrisons had to be withdrawn from the cities of southern Palestine, where their place was taken by the Philistines who thus blocked the way from Egypt to the north. The Amorites, in the name of their distant Hittite suzerains, were accordingly able to overrun the old Egyptian provinces on the east side of the Jordan; the Amorite chieftain Og possessed himself of Bashan (De 3:8), and Sihon, "king of the Amorites," conquered the northern part of Moab.

The conquest must have been recent at the time of the Israelite invasion, as the Amorite song of triumph is quoted in Nu 21:27-29, and adapted to the overthrow of Sihon himself by the Israelites. `Woe unto thee,' it reads, `O Moab; thou art undone, O people of Chemosh! (Chemosh) hath given thy sons who escaped (the battle) and thy daughters into captivity to Sihon king of the Amorites.' The flame that had thus consumed Heshbon, it is further declared, shall spread southward through Moab, while Heshbon itself is rebuilt and made the capital of the conqueror: "Come to Heshbon, that the city of Sihon (like the city of David, 2Sa 5:9) may be rebuilt and restored. For the fire has spread from Heshbon, the flame from the capital of Sihon, devouring as far as Moab (reading `adh with the Septuagint instead of `ar), and swallowing up (reading bale`ah with the Septuagint) the high places of Arnon." The Israelite invasion, however, prevented the expected conquest of southern Moab from taking place.

4. Disappearance of the Amorite Kingdom:

After the fall of Sihon the Amorite kingdom disappears. The Syrians of Zobah, of Hamath and of Damascus take its place, while with the rise of Assyria the "Amorites" cease to be the representatives in contemporary literature of the inhabitants of western Asia. At one time their power had extended to the Babylonian frontier, and Bente-sinas was summoned to Cappadocia by his Hittite overlord to answer a charge made by the Babylonian ambassadors of his having raided northern Babylonia. The Amorite king urged, however, that the raid was merely an attempt to recover a debt of 30 talents of silver.

5. Physical Characteristics of the Amorites:

In Nu 13:29 the Amorites are described as mountaineers, and in harmony with thins, according to Professor Petrie's notes, the Egyptian artists represent them with fair complexions, blue eyes and light hair. It would, therefore, seem that they belonged to the Libyan race of northern Africa rather than to the Semitic stock. In western Asia, however, they were mixed with other racial elements derived from the subject populations, and as they spoke a Semitic language one of the most important of these elements would have been the Semites. In its general sense, moreover, the name "Amorite" included in the Babylonian period all the settled and civilized peoples west of the Euphrates to whatever race they might belong.

LITERATURE.

Hugo Winckler, Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (1907), No. 35, Berlin; Sayce, The Races of the Old Testament, Religious Tract Soc., 1890.

A. H. Sayce


© 2003 AMORITES Bible Study - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia - AMORITES Definition


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Map of the 7 Nations of Ancient Canaan

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"Seven nations greater and mightier than you" Deuteronomy 7:1




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Canaanite Deity
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The Study Bible developed and located around the world!
Old TestamentGenesisExodusLeviticusNumbers
DeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel
2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 Chronicles
EzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalms
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Tuesday, September 27, 2016

Online Books



http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/archives.html


The Online Books Page

ARCHIVES AND INDEXES

General -- Non-English Language -- Specialty
There's a vast range of online literature beyond what we index individually on The Online Books Page. Below we list some of the major sources and indexes of free online texts, in all languages, both general and specialized.

General

These are large, general-purpose collections with substantial English-language listings. For archives that mainly carry other languages, see the non-English languages archive listings. We break these out into categories: 
Large-scale repositories -- Significant indexes and search aids -- Significant smaller-scale archives

Large-scale repositories

These are big collections of texts, big enough to act as small library-like collections in their own right. The threshold for inclusion here may rise over time. Listed alphabetically.

Significant indexes and search aids

The sites below primarily provide search engines, indexes or useful link lists for finding online books.

Significant smaller-scale archives

Everything else we see worth listing that doesn't fit in more specialized categories.

Non-English Languages

Tyler Chambers's iLoveLanguages site has a comprehensive listing of various language and literature resources. The University of Virginia's Western European Literature listing also lists a number of major collections in languages other than English. For text and teaching materials in less common languages, see UCLA'sLanguage Materials Project. See also these archives:

Specialty Archives

These are listed by category:
Academic Presses and Institutions -- Agriculture -- Architecture -- Art and Crafts -- Audio -- Blacks -- Books, Printing, and Publishing -- Children -- Comics and Graphic Novels -- Computing -- Dissertations -- Drama -- Economics -- Folklore -- Historical -- Home Economics -- Literary -- Military -- Music and Dance --New Original Works -- Philosophy -- Poetry -- Politics, Government, Law -- Portable Reader Editions -- Regional -- Religion -- Science, Technology, Social Science and Math -- Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror -- Serials -- Sports, Games and Recreation -- Textbooks and Instructional Materials -- Women

Academic Presses and Institutions

Some presses and academic institutions have put a substantial number of free online books on their site. They are listed below.

Agriculture

Architecture

Art and Crafts

Audio

Black Writers and Subjects

Books, Printing, and Publishing

Children's Literature

Comics and Graphic Novels

  • Digital Comic Museum (public domain comic books; free registration required only for issue downloads)

Computing

Dissertations and Theses

Drama

Economics

Folklore

Historical

This section includes general or wide-area historical archives and indexes. For sites that focus on a particular country, state, or region, see the regional section.

Home Economics

Literary

See also historical (for literature from a certain period), and new original works (for web-published literature) and poetry.
For literary criticism, the Internet Public Library's Online Literary Criticism Collection is a good starting point.

Military

Music and Dance

New Original Works

These archives have substantial collections of material that has been first published first on the Net, or that appeared on the Web shortly after their original publication. See also the Open Directory's Online Writing links, which include pointers to many such archives, large and small, of varying quality.

Philosophy

Poetry

Politics, Government, Law

Portable Reader Editions

  • Feedbooks (thousands of public domain titles in EPub, Mobi, Kindle, and other formats)
  • Manybooks.net (over 25,000 titles formatted for PDAs, Kindles, Iphones, and other devices)
  • Microsoft Reader Free eBooks (for PocketPC and Windows platforms; for-pay books also offered)
  • PalmPilot E-Text Ring (80+ sites featuring free or for-pay texts formatted for Palm readers)
  • Qvadis Library (free texts in proprietary Palm format; requires purchase of reader software)
  • A few sites make many of their titles available in popular formats for portable devices, as well as standard Web formats. Notable sites in this category includethe Baen Free Library.

Regional

Books concerning various regions can also be found in general resources in the historical section.


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